These results support a cultivar-resolved molecular and compositional framework for interpreting enological variability in Italian red PIWI grapes. The data may guide breeding and cultivar-tailored winemaking strategies, while broader generalization requires validation across additional genotypes, vintages and ripening stages. © 2026 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Clizia et al. (Sun,) studied this question.