Clinical outcomes associated with neoadjuvant therapy for the treatment of resectable non‐small cell lung cancer in real‐world practice

Abstract Background In order to improve survival outcomes in resectable non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), strategies for neoadjuvant therapy need to be revisited. We evaluated and compared the efficacy of different neoadjuvant therapeutic modalities in a real‐world setting. Methods A total of 258 patients with clinical stage IIA to IIIB NSCLC was included. All the patients underwent surgical resection after one to four cycles of neoadjuvant treatment consisting of chemotherapy (83), immunotherapy (23), and immunotherapy plus chemotherapy (152). Results The radiologic response rate in the combined immunochemotherapy group was 67.8%, higher than that of 48.2% in the chemotherapy group and 4.3% in the immunotherapy group ( p < 0.001). An improved major pathological response (MPR) was also achieved in the combined therapy group compared with the chemotherapy group and the immunotherapy group (53.9% vs. 10.8% vs. 8.7%, p < 0.001). Patients in the combined therapy group had a significant trend toward longer disease‐free survival than those in the chemotherapy alone group (3‐year disease‐free survival DFS of 68.79% vs. 50.81%; hazard ratio HR for progression or death, 0.477; p = 0.003). Multivariate Cox analysis identified radical surgery (HR, 0.328; p = 0.033), ypN0–1 stage (HR, 0.591; p = 0.038) and MPR result (HR, 0.362; p = 0.007) to be independent prognostic factors for DFS. Conclusions Neoadjuvant treatment with a combination of immunotherapy plus chemotherapy appears to achieve higher radiological and pathological responses than monotherapy for IIA‐IIIB NSCLC. Log‐rank analysis showed that a better outcome could be expected in patients with the addition of immunotherapy to neoadjuvant chemotherapy if compared with patients with chemotherapy alone in terms of DFS.