Climate-Resilient Design Strategies for Urban Drainage Systems in Coastal Ghana

Urban drainage systems in coastal Ghana are vulnerable to climate-induced flooding due to rising sea levels and increased intensity of rainfall events. A mixed-methods approach combining hydrological modelling with stakeholder consultations to evaluate and refine design strategies for sustainable urban flood management. Hydrological models indicated a need for increased stormwater infiltration capacity in ATMA, especially along the coastal belt where sea levels could rise by up to 50 cm by. Designing drainage systems with enhanced permeability and elevated flood walls is recommended to ensure resilience against projected climate change risks within the next three decades. Implement a phased approach integrating green infrastructure such as bioswales, permeable pavements, and rooftop gardens into urban planning policies. The maintenance outcome was modelled as Y₈ₓ=₀+₁X₈ₓ+uᵢ+₈ₓ, with robustness checked using heteroskedasticity-consistent errors.