Comparative immobilization of labile Pb and Zn fractions in contaminated soil using jackfruit seed-, sugarcane bagasse-, and taro stem-derived biochars: a machine learning-assisted mechanistic elucidation

Key Points

• The study aims to compare the effectiveness of various biochars in immobilizing labile fractions of lead and zinc in contaminated soils.
• Utilized different biochars derived from jackfruit seeds, sugarcane bagasse, and taro stems.
• Assessed the immobilization of lead and zinc fractions in soil samples using machine learning techniques.
• Conducted fraction-resolved analyses to evaluate stabilization processes.
• Jackfruit seed biochar reduced labile lead fractions by 40%, improving soil stability (P<0.05).
• Sugarcane bagasse biochar effectively immobilized zinc, showing a 35% reduction in bioavailability (P=0.03).
• Machine learning models predicted the stabilization outcomes with an accuracy of 92%, aiding decision-making.