Bridging the Gap : A Comprehensive Review of Assessment Reforms from Rote Learning to Competency-Based Evaluation under NEP 2020

For decades, the Indian education system has been defined by a high-stakes exam culture that often values a student’s ability to memorize over their ability to understand. This "rote learning" trap has created a gap between academic grades and real-world competence. The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 seeks to fundamentally bridge this gap by shifting the focus toward a competency-based evaluation model. This paper reviews the transition from traditional, memory-heavy testing to a more holistic assessment approach. The study delves into key structural reforms, such as the introduction of the 360-degree Holistic Progress Card, which moves beyond teacher-led grading to include self and peer assessments. By analysing the practicalities of these changes, the article explores how shifting the evaluation criteria can foster critical thinking and practical application in classrooms. Furthermore, it addresses the ground-level challenges—such as teacher readiness and systemic resistance—that must be overcome to move from a certificate-driven mind set to a skill-oriented society. Ultimately, this review highlights that the success of NEP 2020 lies not just in changing how we test, but in redefining why we educate.