Antibiotic residues, resistant bacteria, and resistance genes in hospital wastewater from upper middle-income countries: A systematic review

Key Points

• Identifies antibiotic residues and resistant bacteria in hospital wastewater, posing risks to public health.
• The systematic review details findings from multiple studies across upper middle-income countries.
• Assessment reveals significant levels of resistance genes associated with antibiotic residues in these wastewater outlets.
• Findings highlight a pressing need for better wastewater management practices to protect public health.