A Comprehensive Study of Blockchain-Based E-Voting Systems: Architecture, Security, and Challenges

Electronic voting (e-voting) systems aim to modernize electoral processes by making them more efficient, accessible, and reliable. However, traditional methods face challenges like lack of transparency, vulnerability to tampering, and dependence on centralized authorities. Blockchain technology offers a promising solution by providing a decentralized, unchangeable, and transparent way to securely record and verify votes. This paper surveys blockchain-based e-voting systems by reviewing ten research studies. It focuses on their methods, including system designs, consensus mechanisms like Proof of Work and Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance, and cryptographic techniques such as digital signatures and ring signatures. The study emphasizes the benefits of blockchain, including improved security, auditability, and trust. It also points out major challenges like scalability, privacy concerns, voter authentication, and regulatory issues. The findings show that while blockchain has great potential to change e-voting systems, more research is needed to create scalable, privacy-protecting, and practical solutions for real-world use.