A Theory of Liquid Structure

A simple model of the liquid is used to extend the equation of state previously obtained and to treat the process of fusion, viscous flow, and binary liquid systems. Our equation of state which applies to dense liquids has been fitted on to Happel's modification of van der Waals equation to give a single equation applicable over the entire range from gas to liquid. A liquid differs from a solid in that the surplus volume in one part of the liquid becomes available in another part without an activation energy appreciable as compared to kT. This communal sharing of volume gives rise to an entropy of fusion R modified, of course, if there are other structural changes. Other entropy changes arise from expansion, changes of librations into free rotations and from polymerization. Double molecules held together by van der Waals forces are considered quantitatively and used in the explanation of viscous flow and deviations of the equation of state at the critical point. An explicit expression is given for the osmotic pressure of a binary liquid mixture. ``Holes'' are used to complete the analogy between critical phenomena for a one component system and critical solution phenomena of binary liquids. In binary liquids the presence of a lower critical solution temperature above which two phases exist results from hydrogen (or analogous) bonds or bridges between unlike molecules which prevent free rotation. The critical mixing point coincides with the onset of free rotations which disrupt these bonds.