Biomechanical Perspectives on Surfing Performance: A Scoping Review

Background/Objectives: Biomechanical research in surfing provides important insights into performance optimization and injury prevention, but the evidence remains fragmented across multiple domains. Methods: This scoping review aimed to systematically organize the existing literature on surfing biomechanics and evaluate the quality of the included studies. Searches were conducted by two independent reviewers in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science in accordance with the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews. Systematic searches were performed up to 31 July 2025 using Boolean operators guided by the PECO framework. Methodological quality was assessed using the Downs and Black Quality Assessment Checklist. Results: Of the 195 records identified, 53 duplicates were removed. Following screening and fulltext review, 26 studies were included. Five studies employed randomized controlled designs, while 21 were non-randomized. Publications ranged from 2010 to 2025, with the majority conducted in Australia (65.4%). A total of 490 healthy surfers (mean age: 22.9 ± 16.1 years) were analyzed, with sample sizes ranging from 6 to 42 participants. Research topics included anthropometry, paddling biomechanics, aerial maneuvers, core and trunk strength and mobility, lower-limb function, frontside bottom turns, and pop-up performance. The studies’ methodological quality score was 11.7 points with substantial inter-reviewer agreement (κ = 0.77). Research on surf biomechanics remains limited in volume and exhibits methodological heterogeneity. Conclusions: Although existing studies provide valuable insights into key performance actions, further high-quality and standardized research on performance phases (e.g., paddling, pop-up, turns, aerials) and with different research designs (e.g., longitudinal, sex inclusive, ecological designs integrating lab and in-water measures) is needed.