This paper explains electromagnetism as a structural consequence of localphase comparison. When quantum states carry phase information andcomparison is performed locally, a gauge field becomes unavoidable. Chargeappears as a phase defect, photons as propagating phase disturbances, andMaxwell’s equations as consistency conditions. No new physics is proposed;the focus is on explaining why electromagnetism has the form it does.
Flip Boer (Fri,) studied this question.