Development of extrusion-based 3D-printed chitosan/magnesium-doped nanohydroxyapatite scaffolds functionalized with icariin, lithium chloride and naringin for enhanced bone regeneration in vitro and in vivo

Key Points

• Bone regeneration improved significantly with scaffolds functionalized with icariin and naringin, promoting tissue growth.
• In vitro tests showed up to 50% increase in cell activity within 7 days in scaffolds containing 5% magnesium.
• Analysis involved both in vitro cellular studies and in vivo animal models, evaluating scaffold performance in bone repair.
• Supports using 3D-printing technology to create tailored scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, indicating a promising direction for future therapies.