Abstract Background Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have significantly reduced the burden of pneumococcal disease worldwide. Recently, higher-valency PCVs have been approved and evaluated in economic models. This study summarizes the reported economic burden of pneumococcal disease in children in these studies. Methods A targeted literature review was conducted using MEDLINE to identify cost-effectiveness analyses and cost modeling studies for pneumococcal disease (01/2021-06/2024). Fourteen studies conducted in 18 countries were identified. Cost inputs were extracted for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), inpatient pneumonia (IP), outpatient pneumonia (OP), acute otitis media (AOM), and post-meningitis sequelae (PMS, ie, disability and deafness). All costs were adjusted to 2023 US dollars using local consumer price indices and currency conversion rates. Median direct medical and indirect/non-medical costs and interquartile ranges (IQR) were reported separately for the US and other countries (including Canada and countries in Asia, Europe and Oceania). Results Direct costs per episode in the US were 56, 222 (45, 343-56, 222) for IPD, 20, 691 (20, 011-20, 691) for IP, 681 (578-696) for OP, and 310 (233-431) for AOM; corresponding costs in other countries were 9, 246 (5, 208-16, 867), 5, 203 (3, 845-6, 510), 161 (116-293), and 223 (106-569). Lifetime direct costs in the US were 709, 365 (709, 365-749, 027) for disability and 137, 479 (137, 479-145, 165) for deafness, compared to 39, 290 (29, 410-679, 937) and 101, 249 (54, 245-133, 617) in other countries. Indirect/non-medical costs showed less variability, with costs of 1, 544 (881-2, 023) for IPD and IP, and 238 (188-438) for OP and AOM across all countries. Limited data suggested substantial indirect costs for PMS (range: 373, 431-1, 331, 166). Conclusion Pneumococcal disease and PMS impose substantial economic burdens on the healthcare system and society, with the highest and lowest costs generally observed in the US and Japan, respectively. Data on contemporary costs in some countries and on the indirect costs of PMS are needed to more accurately quantify costs of these conditions and provide robust inputs for future economic evaluations. Disclosures Min Huang, PhD, Merck & Co. , Inc.: Min Huang is a full-time employee of Merck & Co. , Inc. |Merck & Co. , Inc.: Stocks/Bonds (Public Company) Jipan Xie, MD, PhD, XL Source, Inc.: I am an employee of XL Source, Inc. , a consulting company that has provided paid consulting services for the study Walter A. Orenstein, MD, DSc (Hon), CureVac: Advisor/Consultant|Dynavax: Advisor/Consultant|Merck & Co. , Inc.: Advisor/Consultant|Moderna: Advisor/Consultant|Sanofi: Advisor/Consultant Hela Romdhani, PhD, Analysis Group, Inc.: I am an employee of Analysis Group, Inc. , a consulting company hat has provided paid consulting services to Merck & Co. , Inc. Yan Song, PhD, Analysis Group, Inc.: I am an employee of Analysis Group, Inc. , a consulting company hat has provided paid consulting services to Merck & Co. , Inc. Elamin Elbasha, Ph. D. , Merck & Co. , Inc.: Employee|Merck & Co. , Inc.: Stocks/Bonds (Public Company) Matthew S. Kelly, MD, MPH, Merck & Co. , Inc.: Advisor/Consultant
Huang et al. (Thu,) studied this question.