The accumulation of lead ions in industrial wastewater poses a long-term threat to ecosystems and health. Traditional detection techniques often fail to maintain sensitivity, selectivity, and signal stability in complex matrices. This paper builds a multilevel conductive composite structure based on covalent organic framework, platinum nanoparticles, and carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes, and also builds an enhanced luminescent interface with gold nanoparticles and boron nitride quantum dots to improve electronic transmission and target recognition. The experimental results show a good linear relationship in the range of 0.005 to 50 ng/mL, and the luminescent signal reaches about 14,000 a.u. The interfacial resistance decreases to 0.78 kΩ, and the system gives a clear charge response after exposure to lead ions. The spiked recovery rate is up to 99.32% in wastewater samples and reaches a signal retention of 93.13% after 30 days. All the results indicate that the composite structure supplies high sensitivity, good selectivity, and strong stability in the detection of lead ions, offering an effective technical approach toward monitoring heavy metals in such complex wastewater.
Zhou et al. (Sat,) studied this question.