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The research examines how plasma-activated saline influences macrophage polarization and tumor cell death.

January 23, 2026Plasma Processes and Polymers0 citations

Plasma‐Activated Saline Triggers Macrophage M1 Polarization by Inducing Tumor Cell Apoptosis

Key Points

The research examines how plasma-activated saline influences macrophage polarization and tumor cell death.
Utilized aqueous reactive oxygen species in plasma-activated saline
Conducted in vitro experiments on bladder cancer cells
Employed a transwell coculture model to study macrophage polarization
Significant production of reactive oxygen species by plasma within saline
Plasma-activated saline showed dose-dependent cytotoxic effects on MB49 bladder cancer cells
Pretreating MB49 cells with plasma-activated saline enhanced polarization of macrophages to the M1 phenotype

Abstract

ABSTRACT Here, we investigated the effects of aqueous reactive oxygen species (ROS) in surface air plasma‐activated solution (PAS) on the bladder cancer cell line MB49 and their role in remodeling the polarization status of tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs). The study reveals substantial ROS production by plasma within PAS. In vitro experiments showed that the PAS exhibited an activation time‐dependent and significant cytotoxic effect on MB49 cells. Further validation using a transwell coculture model demonstrated that pretreatment of MB49 cells with PAS promoted the polarization of RAW264.7 macrophages toward the antitumor M1 phenotype. Our study reveals the dual role of PAS in direct tumor killing and immune regulation.

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