Understanding how time-reversal symmetry (TRS) breaks in quantum materials is key to uncovering new states of matter and advancing quantum technologies. However, unraveling the interplay between TRS breaking, charge order, and superconductivity in kagome metals continues to be a compelling challenge. Here, we investigate the kagome metal Cs(V Nb )Sb with = 0.07 using muon spin rotation (SR), alternating current (AC) magnetic susceptibility, and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), under combined tuning by chemical doping, hydrostatic pressure, magnetic field, and depth from the surface. We find that TRS breaking in the bulk emerges below 40 K-lower than the charge order onset at 58 K-while near the surface, TRS breaking onsets at 58 K and is twice as strong. Niobium doping raises the superconducting critical temperature from 2.5 K to 4.4 K. Under pressure, both the critical temperature and superfluid density double, with TRS-breaking superconductivity appearing above 0.85 GPa. These findings reveal a depth-tunable TRS-breaking state and unconventional superconducting behavior in kagome systems.
Graham et al. (Sat,) studied this question.