Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is a complex neurodevelopmental condition with multifactorial etiology, including genetic, environmental, and nutritional influences. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the potential role of vitamin D in the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. This review aims to provide an updated synthesis of the literature examining the relationship between vitamin D status and the onset, severity, and therapeutic response of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. A growing body of literature suggests a significant association between low serum vitamin D levels and increased severity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, including inattention and hyperactivity. Several clinical studies indicate that vitamin D supplementation, particularly when administered alongside other micronutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids or magnesium, may lead to modest improvements in behavioral outcomes. However, results remain heterogeneous and are influenced by factors such as dosage, duration of supplementation, and individual variability. While preliminary findings point to the possible utility of vitamin D as an adjunctive intervention in the management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, current evidence is insufficient to draw definitive conclusions. Larger, well-designed randomized controlled trials are urgently needed to clarify the role of vitamin D in prevention and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and to determine optimal supplementation protocols.
Ferrara et al. (Wed,) studied this question.