Kidney stone disease (KSD) is a common urological condition. For the patient, it typically presents with severe colicky flank pain and can have a substantial impact on quality of life, work productivity, and livelihood. For the clinician, they can present a diagnostic conundrum particularly in the absence of appropriate imaging, and the cost burden to the healthcare system can be significant. Investigations serve to rule out underlying metabolic, structural or pathological abnormalities, as well as identify the size, number, location, type and associated features of stone. KSD treatment can be complex, encompassing a spectrum of conservative, dietary, medical, and surgical approaches. This article provides an overview of the risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis, prevention and management of KSD. We conclude with a review of the recent innovations in this field.
Ogbodo et al. (Wed,) studied this question.