This study develops a Smart Mobility Index (SMI) tailored to the 17 Local Government Units (LGUs) of Metro Manila to evaluate their readiness to adopt integrated, efficient, and technology-enabled mobility systems. While global smart mobility indices are often ill-suited to the realities of developing countries, this research proposes a context-specific framework built around four thematically grounded dimensions: public transportation service, active mobility, unified cashless fare systems, and smart traffic management. The SMI was constructed through a mixed-method approach combining expert interviews with metropolitan transport specialists and co-occurrence network analysis. The results reveal substantial disparities across LGUs, with central jurisdictions such as Makati, Manila, and Pasay demonstrating significantly higher smart mobility readiness than peripheral LGUs. Clustering identifies three distinct mobility profiles, underscoring persistent structural inequalities in infrastructure, institutional capacity, and digital integration. Forecasts incorporating the completion of six major railway projects by 2035 indicate moderate improvements in overall SMI scores and limited changes in relative rankings, suggesting that infrastructural expansion alone will not reduce regional disparities. Expert insights further highlight both the potential and the constraints of leapfrogging, with interviewees expressing optimism regarding advanced ICT-enabled mobility solutions while acknowledging challenges related to governance fragmentation, limited funding, and uneven technical capabilities.
Ado et al. (Sat,) studied this question.