Artificial intelligence (AI) technology has developed and been applied in healthcare services in recent decades. This technology can support data-based decision making in clinical, managerial, or cybersecurity aspects. However, the application of AI technology in healthcare services presents challenges, especially related to ethical and legal aspects such as data privacy, accountability, and malpractice. Indonesia has also started the implementation of AI in healthcare services. However, there are no adequate regulations related to it. This study aims to explore the ethical and legal aspects of the application of AI in healthcare services and provide policy recommendations for Indonesia. This research adopted a normative regulatory design with legislative and conceptual approaches. In developing the proposed regulatory framework, the conceptual approach was employed to address ethical and legal issues in the application of AI in healthcare services. Ethical and legal aspects that need to be considered in the preparation of regulations related to AI in healthcare services include informed consent, algorithmic bias, transparency, and accountability. Aspects of privacy, security, transparency, and justice should also be considered in policy formulation. Cross-sector involvement is needed in the preparation of policies or regulations related to the application of AI in healthcare services in Indonesia.
Budiyanti et al. (Mon,) studied this question.