What question did this study set out to answer?

This research examines how the angle of the first pedal ray differs between sexes and based on childbirth history.

February 8, 20260 citations

Variation in the Angle of the First Pedal Ray Relative to the Midline of the Foot by Sex and Parity History.

PWPaige S. Whitman ALAddie E C Lomax PKPatricia Ann Kramer

Key Points

This research examines how the angle of the first pedal ray differs between sexes and based on childbirth history.
Comparative analysis of the first pedal ray angle in males, nulliparous females, and parous females.
Measurement of angles relative to the midline of the foot.
Statistical comparison of groups to identify variations.
Parous females exhibit a larger angle than males by 1.5°-1.7°.
Nulliparous females have a similar pedal ray angle to males.
Females generally display a larger angle than males.

Abstract

We propose that the relatively larger angle in females is likely due to hormonal exposure, specifically relaxin, throughout pregnancy given that parous females have a relatively larger angle than both males and nulliparous females by 1.5°-1.7°, while nulliparous females share a similar average angle with males.

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