HIV diagnostic implementation in the Dominican Republic: an in-depth qualitative context analysis for health technology developers

Objectives To understand the political, economic, social and technological facilitators and barriers in obtaining an HIV diagnosis to inform implementation strategies for HIV diagnostics in the Dominican Republic (DR). Design In-depth, semi-structured qualitative interviews. Setting A high complexity public hospital in Santiago de los Caballeros, DR. Participants A convenience and purposive sample of 36 internal medicine physicians and laboratory personnel involved in sample collection, sample analysis or oversight of biological sample analysis. Results Using the Social Ecological Model, our results highlighted several interrelated barriers and facilitators to sample analysis at the individual (patient), interpersonal (interactions between laboratory personnel, physicians and patients), organisational (the hospital), community (Santiago de Los Caballeros) and societal (the DR) levels. Some key findings include the importance of psychological support in receiving an HIV diagnosis, how spoken language can be a barrier to care, how inconsistent access to laboratory supplies is a barrier for patients, laboratory personnel and clinicians, and the importance of government public health investment. Conclusions Employing qualitative methods to investigate a bioengineering challenge yielded rich data on the sociotechnical implementation context of HIV diagnostics in the DR. Several context-relevant suggestions were developed for HIV diagnostic developers which include incorporating psychological support into the diagnosis workflow, delivering information in multiple languages (ie, Haitian Creole and Spanish) and with non-stigmatising phrasing, working with the public sector to develop and implement technologies, and reducing the supply chain reliance on high-income countries to lessen delays in care. These findings can apply to other types of health technologies and settings and demonstrate the importance of utilizing human-centered design to understand implementation context and promote global health equity in health technology development and adoption.