One of the ambitions of the P2F project is to deepen understanding of human–environment interactions in the context of climate change. Addressing this challenge requires a multi-scalar, diachronic perspective that considers both individual and societal behaviors. Archaeologists, positioned at the intersection of the natural and social sciences, employ diverse theories, methods, and analyses to interpret incomplete material traces of the past. This long-term perspective illuminates how humans have coped with uncertainty, minimized risk, and developed resilience to climatic and environmental variability. To foster collaboration with P2F climate and vegetation modelers, we outline the analytical frameworks to be applied by archaeologists in WP20 and define the principal spatiotemporal contexts. These include key Holocene intervals (10.5–9.0, 8.2, 4.2, and 3.5 kya cal. BP) when major socio-economic transitions coincided with gradual or abrupt environmental change.
Triozzi et al. (Sat,) studied this question.