This study presents a rule-based energy management system (EMS) for a light-duty transporter with a fuel cell-dominated powertrain. In such architectures, the smallcapacity battery cannot consistently provide the power and energy buffer required by optimal control strategies to maintain the fuel cell system (FCS) within its high-efficiency operating range, and it frequently exceeds its continuous power capability. Unlike conventional EMS designs, the proposed EMS incorporates battery charging and discharging power limits across multiple time scales, including long-term, short-term, and burst levels, into the control design to dynamically manage the power distribution between the FCS and the battery. A regenerative braking power control strategy is also introduced to balance the regenerative and FCS power during deceleration. Validation on a powertrain test bench with vehicle-identical components demonstrates that the proposed EMS effectively reduces FCS power fluctuations while keeping battery stress within predefined limits. An average FCS efficiency of 52.2% is achieved under the US06 drive cycle. The efficiency and robustness of the EMS are confirmed by real measurement results, highlighting its readiness for practical implementation
Ni et al. (Thu,) studied this question.