Many studies have demonstrated that a reduction in ground impedance value occurs under high-impulse current magnitudes, due to the ionisation process in soil. The degree of the ionisation process was found to be influenced by several factors, such as soil resistivity, the ground electrode’s configuration/size, impulse polarity, voltage/current magnitudes and impulse polarity, while in several publications, there was no clear influence of these factors on the ionisation process in soil. Given the uncertainty in the characterisations of grounding systems under high-impulse conditions, it can be difficult to relate the impulse characteristics to the design of grounding systems. This, however, may be possible to achieve if adequate data is obtained, with more tests and analytical studies being performed. Furthermore, as the use of enhancement materials (EMs) has been shown to reduce ground resistance values, the relevant data, which have been found to be limited, are the impulse characteristics of EMs. The effectiveness of these EMs is mostly presented at low-voltage and low-frequency currents, and so far, there is limited available data on their performance with various water contents (WCs) subjected to high-impulse currents. This paper aims to provide the impulse characteristics of soil mixed with various EMs and WCs. Three types of EM were used, and the initial results show that the performance of EMA has an advantage over the others, due to having the lowest Zimp, current rise and discharge times, and breakdown voltage and times in comparison to other EMs tested in this work.
Aman et al. (Sat,) studied this question.