Zhenwu (Perfected Warrior), one of the most influential Daoist martial deities, was historically shaped by the northern celestial emblem Xuanwu and later personified and integrated into the Daoist pantheon. While scholarship on Zhenwu has largely relied on textual sources, cliff sculptures provide a material setting in which doctrine, ritual space, and iconography can be examined together. Taking the Zhenwu niche (No. 1) at Nanshan, Dazu (Chongqing) as a case study, this article first situates the niche within the spatial program of the Nanshan Daoist carvings and describes its architectural design, composition, and inscriptional evidence of worship. It then revisits key motifs associated with Zhenwu—such as the sword, bare feet, and the turtle–snake pair—through Daoist and inner-alchemical (neidan) textual traditions. Rather than positing a direct or exclusive link between the Nanshan sculpture and inner-alchemical practice, the article argues that the niche mobilizes an established iconographic repertoire that could have resonated with late imperial discourses of self-cultivation, and that its northern placement within the Nanshan ensemble reinforces these cosmological associations. By combining site-based analysis with a cautious reading of Daozang and neidan texts, the study contributes to scholarship on Daoist visual culture and offers a framework for comparing Zhenwu images across regions and media.
Zhan et al. (Sat,) studied this question.