Hazard risk monitoring of groundwater depletion and land subsidence due to excessive groundwater extraction is crucial for groundwater resource development, especially in densely populated, small-island developing sites. The island of Bali, Indonesia, represents such an urban environment at risk of land subsidence arising from groundwater depletion. The total percentage of groundwater depletion was calculated and interpolated spatially using measurements of groundwater level from 2008 to 2017 at 18 monitoring well sites available in the area. Furthermore, time-series synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) interferometry processing was applied to estimate the temporal change in land displacement using the Phased Array type L-band SAR (PALSAR) data from 2007 to 2010. The result of downward displacement, signifying subsidence, corresponded with the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data measurements at stations distributed in the observed subsided areas, i.e., CDNP and CPBI. The displacement varied consistently with changes in groundwater level. In regard to maintaining groundwater utilization, the hazard–risk relation of the groundwater depletion, i.e., low (25%), and the presence/absence of subsidence were utilized to classify groundwater conservation into safe, vulnerable, critical, and damaged zones. This application can be considered effective in providing spatial information for sustainable groundwater management.
Jaya et al. (Sun,) studied this question.