The authors illustrate a structured microsurgical workflow for safe in situ disconnection of high-risk conus AVM. Vascular architecture was anticipated on preoperative imaging, and a combination of sharp and blunt dissection techniques was used to expose AVM architecture within a cyclic workflow. Adjunct neuromonitoring, ICG, and ultrasound were used to guide safe elimination of the AVM. https://thejns.org/doi/10.3171/CASE25870.
Zádor et al. (Mon,) studied this question.