Abstract This study examines the anticipated effect of the digital banking landscape on branch expansion trends in Ethiopia’s banking sector, addressing a critical gap in the literature on banking strategy in developing economies. While global evidence—largely derived from developed markets—often suggests that digitalization leads to branch rationalization, Ethiopia presents a contrasting context where digital banking adoption and physical branch expansion appear to be occurring simultaneously. The study seeks to clarify whether digital banking functions as a substitute for, or a complement to, physical branch networks, and to explain the strategic logic underpinning banks’ expansion decisions in an evolving digital environment. Methodologically, the study employs a mixed-methods research design to ensure analytical rigor and contextual depth. Quantitative data were drawn from secondary sources, including annual reports of commercial banks, publications of the National Bank of Ethiopia, and industry statistics covering digital banking adoption and branch expansion trends. Descriptive and inferential techniques were used to analyze growth patterns and relationships between digital banking indicators and branch expansion. To complement the quantitative analysis, qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews with senior bank managers, digital banking officers, and regulatory experts. The qualitative component enabled deeper exploration of strategic motivations, institutional constraints, and future expectations that could not be captured through numerical data alone. The main findings of the study reveal that digital banking adoption in Ethiopia has expanded rapidly, driven primarily by mobile banking, agent banking, and digital payment platforms. At the same time, physical bank branches have continued to grow steadily across the country. Rather than exhibiting a substitution effect, the results indicate a complementary relationship between digital banking and branch expansion. Digital channels enhance efficiency, accessibility, and convenience for routine transactions, while physical branches remain central to trust-building, customer onboarding, advisory services, and complex financial products. Branches are not diminishing in importance; instead, their roles are evolving within a hybrid, multichannel banking model. The study further finds that branch expansion decisions are influenced more strongly by contextual factors—such as financial inclusion objectives, customer preferences, infrastructural limitations, and regulatory expectations—than by digital banking growth alone. Qualitative insights confirm that bank managers view physical branches as strategic assets that reinforce digital initiatives rather than compete with them. These findings challenge generalized assumptions that digital transformation inevitably leads to branch reduction and underscore the importance of context-specific analysis. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that Ethiopia’s banking sector is following a hybrid development path in which digital banking and branch expansion coexist and mutually reinforce each other. The findings contribute to academic knowledge by extending multichannel banking theory to a developing-economy context and by shifting the analytical focus from customer adoption to strategic supply-side decisions. Practically, the results are valuable for bank executives and policymakers, as they highlight the need for integrated strategies that align digital innovation with physical outreach. Such an approach supports financial inclusion, strengthens customer trust, and promotes sustainable banking development in Ethiopia. Overall, the study provides evidence-based guidance for designing balanced banking models in similar emerging-market contexts undergoing rapid digital transformation globally.
Wubshet Zegeye Edosa (Mon,) studied this question.