Characterization of biological systems at liquid interfaces has been conducted at NSF’s ChemMatCARS, sector 15 at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) in Argonne National Laboratory for more than 20 years. Alongside the recent beam upgrade at the APS, NSF’s ChemMatCARS has expanded our capabilities with two beamlines, both with unique capabilities suited for biomembrane and protein systems. Our pre-existing beamline with a spectrometer specifically designed and developed for interfacial systems at liquid interfaces such as air-water interfaces with lipid monolayers or protein absorption will continue to be used in scientific studies. This will be joined by a new beamline with another instrument specifically designed for interfacial studies well suited for solid-liquid interfaces, such as supported lipid bilayers. We also provide data processing, analysis, and modeling software for working with any X-ray data acquired from us or from any other source. Our software is available on our GitHub: https://github.com/chemmatcars.
Kerr et al. (Sun,) studied this question.