This white paper examines the state of the art, applications, benefits, limitations, and future directions of low-cost and cost-effective marine observation systems, alongside their role in enhancing the overall efficiency and sustainability of ocean observing networks. It outlines actionable recommendations for policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders, to support effective coordination and to advance the implementation of protection and restoration policies, aligned with the goals of the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021–2030) and the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) 2030 Strategy.
Marcelli et al. (Wed,) studied this question.