Conductive polymer nanocomposites (CPNCs) integrate the electrical functionality of conductive polymers (CPs) such as polypyrrole (PPy), polyaniline (PANI), and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) with structural benefits of nanoscale fillers like carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene derivatives, metallic nanoparticles, and MXenes. This creates intelligent platforms for drug delivery, tissue engineering, biosensing, and neural interfacing. This review traces CPNC evolution, emphasizing electroresponsiveness, pH- and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-triggered release, and biocompatibility for therapeutics and regeneration. Fabrication strategies—in situ polymerization and electrochemical deposition—optimize dispersion, tissue matching, and biointegration. CPNCs excel in conductivity, release efficiency (85%), and cellular compatibility. In cardiac/neural engineering, they enhance alignment, proliferation, and recovery via stimulation. Challenges in stability, scalability, and translation are countered by biodegradable variants, AI-integrated devices for closed-loop drug release based on biosensor feedback to enable real-time physiological adjustments, and 3D-printed scaffolds offering spatial patterning of conductivity and cells for superior tissue mimicry over traditional fabrication methods, advancing bioelectronic medicine and personalized care.
Haghshenas et al. (Sun,) studied this question.