Visual perception serves as a crucial interface connecting human psychology with the built environment. However, current studies on urban riverscapes often rely on static 2D imagery, failing to capture the spatial depth and immersive experience essential for ecological validity. Furthermore, the “black box” nature of traditional machine learning models hinders the understanding of how specific environmental features drive public perception. To address these gaps, this study proposes an innovative framework integrating high-fidelity 3D models, computer vision (CV), and interpretable artificial intelligence (XAI). Using the River Thames (London) and the River Seine (Paris) as diverse case studies, we constructed high-precision 3D digital twins to quantify 3D spatial metrics (e.g., Viewshed Area, H/W Ratio) and applied the SegFormer model to extract 2D visual elements (e.g., Green View Index) from water-based panoramic imagery. Subjective perception data were collected via immersive Virtual Reality (VR) experiments. Random Forest models combined with SHAP were employed to decode the non-linear driving mechanisms of perception. The results reveal three universal principles: (1) Sense of Affluence and Vibrancy are primarily driven by high building density and vertical enclosure, challenging the traditional preference for openness in waterfronts; (2) Scenic Beauty is determined by a synergy of high Green View Index and quality artificial interfaces, suggesting a preference for nature-culture integration; (3) Sense of Boredom is significantly positively correlated with Viewshed Area, indicating that empty prospects without visual foci lead to monotony. This study demonstrates the efficacy of integrating Digital Twins and XAI in revealing robust perception mechanisms across different urban contexts, providing a scientific, evidence-based tool for precision urban planning and riverside regeneration.
Tang et al. (Fri,) studied this question.