What question did this study set out to answer?

This research aims to assess the toxicity and genotoxicity of the NSAIDs naproxen and ketoprofen in living organisms.

February 22, 2026Open Access

Evaluating the Toxicity and Genotoxicity of Naproxen and Ketoprofen Using Factorial Design: A Study with Artemia salina and Allium cepa

ILIsamara Julia Camuri de LimaCentro Universitário da Grande Dourados GGGabriely Ribeiro GonçalvesCentro Universitário da Grande Dourados MLMaicon Matos LeitãoCentro Universitário da Grande Dourados

Key Points

This research aims to assess the toxicity and genotoxicity of the NSAIDs naproxen and ketoprofen in living organisms.
Used a 22 factorial design to analyze different concentrations of naproxen and ketoprofen.
Tested acute toxicity on Artemia salina and root growth on Allium cepa.
Measured percent mortality in A. salina and percent root growth in A. cepa.
Evaluated chromosomal alterations and the apoptotic index for genotoxicity assessment.
Naproxen and ketoprofen caused 80% mortality in Artemia salina at a concentration of 0.15 mmol L−1.
Allium cepa showed 133.58% root growth at a lower concentration of 0.03 mmol L−1.
Chromosomal alterations reached 46.8% in A. cepa, significantly higher than the control.
Observed necrosis and micronuclei formation with low apoptotic index values, indicating genotoxic effects.

Abstract

The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are excreted unchanged in the environment that can have toxic effects on living organisms. Among these drugs, naproxen and ketoprone are widely used. Thus, a study was proposed to evaluate the interaction between different concentrations (mmol L-1) of the variables naproxen NPX and ketoprone KET against the acute toxicity of the Artemia salina (A. salina) and Allium cepa (A. cepa) applying the 22 factorial design. Responses were used: percent A. salina mortality (% mortality) and A. cepa root growth (% root growth). For A. salina, after 72 h of exposure with (NPX and KET = 0.15 mmol L−1) caused an 80% mortality. While A. cepa root growth was higher with (NPX and KET = 0.03 mmol L−1) exhibiting 133.58% root growth. However, genotoxicity was shown by the highest frequency of the values of chromosomal alterations (CA) with 46.8% CA±9.16, when compared with the negative control equal 12.6% CA±6.39. Thus, from the test (p<0.05) with the p-values of 0.0302. The lower concentrations showed necrosis and micronuclei with 1.82%±1.66 apoptotic index and 5.4%±1.40 micronuclei for 5025 cells counted. Therefore, drugs demonstrated high A. salina acute toxicity and potential genotoxic and mutagenic effect for A. cepa based.

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