Abstract Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs) are networks that can be formed among mobile nodes that self-organize, without necessitating any fixed infrastructure. They are dynamic networks where the nodes can join or leave the network. Due to their decentralized and open environment, MANETs are easy targets for routing attacks; the black hole attack is considered the most severe among them. Several existing security systems rely on key distribution via cryptography for verifying neighboring nodes, but the dynamic topology of the networks, and frequent mobility of nodes, make key distribution less practical. To tackle this problem, the authors have proposed the Collaborative Multi-Hop Cyclic Redundancy Check and Reputation (CMCR) scheme that secures the network without requiring any centralized key distribution. CMCR builds a Cyclic Redundancy Checks (CRC) chain across two to three hops to avoid the CRC at every hop. It also utilizes a reputation system that is distributed, to confirm the behavior of neighboring nodes through collaboration. CMCR will be able to detect black hole attacks both isolated and cooperative while having a lower routing overhead. The CMCR method proposed (the implementation for different network conditions) is further explored using MATLAB simulation. The outcomes are contrasted with existing schemes. From the simulation results obtained, the CMCR method have significantly improved packet delivery, detection accuracy, better control overhead and energy efficiency at higher node mobility and greater attack density as compared to the other algorithms. The proposed CMCR method is evaluated under varying network conditions through MATLAB simulations. Performance metrics such as Packet Delivery Ratio, End-to-End Delay, Throughput, Routing Overhead, Detection Accuracy, and Energy Consumption are measured to determine network performance and security resilience. The simulation results show that the proposed CMCR model has much better packet delivery, detection accuracy, and control overhead with energy efficiency under higher node mobility and increased attack density, compared to existing approaches.
Hussain et al. (Sun,) studied this question.