"What can I say if they can kick Pluto out of the solar system than they can think about the emptiness of space." J.Stephenson A special dedication This work is dedicated to Albert Einstein, whose introduction (and later rejection) of the cosmological constant sparked so much of modern cosmology. He added it to force a static universe, called it his “greatest blunder” after expansion was discovered, yet today it’s revived to explain acceleration (dark energy). In a small way, I hope the Unitary Loop offers a mechanical extension of those ideas — treating the vacuum not as empty space with a fudge factor, but as an active, viscous fluid whose drag naturally produces the scales we observe, without extra particles or fields.
James Stephenson (Sun,) studied this question.