The following sections of the 2025 NOAA Science Report describe NOAA’s progress and accomplishments in research and development (R&D) and innovative scientific solutions for a wide range of present and future challenges affecting Earth systems and our society. Each section of this report is aligned with NOAA Research and Development Vision Areas: 2020-2026 strategic plan that guides NOAA’s R&D Enterprise.
Deehan et al. (Mon,) studied this question.