Blockchain-Based Decentralized Food Supply Chain

The global food supply chain faces significant challenges including lack of transparency, food fraud, contamination risks, traceability issues, and inefficient logistics management. Traditional centralized systems are vulnerable to data manipulation, single points of failure, and limited stakeholder accountability, compromising food safety and consumer trust. This paper proposes a blockchain-based decentralized food supply chain system that leverages distributed ledger technology to ensure transparency, traceability, and security throughout the entire food production and distribution process. The proposed framework integrates smart contracts to automate transactions, verify authenticity, and enforce compliance with food safety standards. Each stakeholder—including farmers, processors, distributors, retailers, and consumers—participates as a node in the blockchain network, recording immutable transactions at every stage from farm to fork. The system incorporates IoT sensors for real-time monitoring of environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, and storage duration, ensuring product quality and reducing spoilage. Implementation of cryptographic hashing and consensus mechanisms guarantees data integrity and prevents unauthorized modifications. Performance evaluation demonstrates enhanced traceability, reduced fraud incidents, improved recall efficiency, and increased consumer confidence. The proposed decentralized architecture provides a robust, transparent, and tamper-proof solution for modernizing food supply chain management and ensuring global food security.