Generative image steganography is a key technology for secure information transmission, but existing deep learning-based generative steganographic methods suffer from an extremely high bit error rate (BER) and degraded steganographic image quality in low-bit-rate embedding tasks in which secret information needs duplication or padding to match the model input size. In addition, it is difficult to balance BER reduction and imperceptibility of stego-images. To address these issues, this paper proposes a novel generative image steganography algorithm based on flip watermarking, with the core novelty of designing a mirror flipping preprocessing mechanism to achieve a redundant watermark and eliminate information errors caused by duplication or padding, and constructing an end-to-end Mini-Hide steganographic framework to integrate flip watermarking with generative steganography for the first time. Specifically, the proposed method first converts the binary bitstream of secret information into a square matrix, and performs vertical, horizontal and vertical–horizontal mirror flipping on the matrix to form a redundant basic watermark, which is then expanded to a secret image with the same size as the cover image. After that, the secret image is preprocessed by a preparation network and then input into an encoding network together with the cover image to generate a stego-image. Finally, the generated stego-image is input into the decoding network to extract the secret image. Subsequently, the inverse operation of flip watermarking is performed on the extracted secret image to recover the original binary bitstream. Extensive experiments are conducted on the public COCO dataset (256×256 pixels) with BER, PSNR, and SSIM, and the proposed method is compared with state-of-the-art generative steganographic methods. Quantitative results show that the proposed method achieves a 0% BER for secret information of 8×8 to 64×64 bits, and the BER is only 0.00002% for 256×256-bit secret information; the PSNR of stego-images reaches 37.75 dB, and the SSIM hits 0.96, which are 7.07 dB and 0.02 higher than those of the classic HiDDeN method (64×64 bit) respectively. We also validated the flip watermark module by integrating into other methods; the results also show that the PSNR of FNNS-D is improved by 13.12 dB (256×256), and the BER of SteganoGAN is reduced by 99.99% (256×256 bit). In addition, the proposed method breaks the embedding size limit of HiDDeN (≤64×64 bit) and supports up to 256×256-bit secret information embedding with stable performance. This work significantly reduces the BER of generative image steganography while improving the visual quality of stego-images, provides a new preprocessing and optimization scheme for low-BER generative steganographic algorithm design, and also offers a universal lightweight module for performance improvement of existing steganographic methods, which has important theoretical and practical significance for enhancing the security and reliability of covert information transmission in the field of information security.
Qiu et al. (Wed,) studied this question.