Segmental tunnel linings represent a conventional method commonly employed in tunnel boring machine (TBM) operations. However, this approach presents notable limitations, including handling challenges and the presence of numerous joints prone to leakage. An alternative method involving cast-in-place tunnel lining was experimentally investigated through a scaled mock-up test conducted at approximately 1:4 scale, with a total length of 0.85 m and 2 m lining diameter. In this setup, two reinforced concrete rings were constructed to simulate the surrounding geological conditions and internal formwork. Fiber-reinforced concrete was then pumped into the annular space between the rings, forming a cast-in-place lining with a thickness of 170 mm. To replicate the thrust force exerted by hydraulic actuators of a TBM, a hydrostatic pressure up to 5 MPa was applied from the front side. The experiment demonstrated a linear compaction of fresh concrete by approximately 3%, greater resistance to compaction in the lower section, and a uniformly well-compacted concrete structure throughout the entire volume.
Pešková et al. (Fri,) studied this question.