• Peat-rich substrates are major emission hotspots across all production systems. • Reducing peat use results in higher production costs, lower gross margins, and reduced net profits with existing technological capabilities. • CO₂ avoidance costs vary significantly between crops and production systems due to differing sensitivities to peat reduction • Achieving economically and ecologically viable peat reduction requires technical innovations and adjustments in production systems.
Yoon et al. (Wed,) studied this question.