Formalisation of land is a strategy advocated by local and international NGOs for pastoralists and hunter-gatherers whose livelihoods depend on mobility and access to traditional territories with seasonal resources. As ever more land is sequestered into fortress conservation, as more underground mineral deposits are identified and as large-scale agriculture expands, even semi-arid landscapes are attracting a wide range of actors. In this article we focus on how pastoralists and hunter-gatherers in Tanzania have attempted to increase security of tenure over their communal land by utilising new institutional forms. We explore how changes in the political, administrative and legal contexts within which these communities live often undermine their efforts to protect their land rights. Finally, through a series of case studies, we show how the strategic adoption of new institutions by these communities has had variable success in advancing security of tenure over their communal lands and livelihoods. This article was published open access under a CC BY-NC 4.0 licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ .
Askew et al. (Sat,) studied this question.