Governance innovations have challenged traditional classifications of governance modes and forms. Employing a qualitative focus group method, this study develops an operational classification. The results identify seventeen governance forms, categorized within a framework of four basic constructs: governance modes, governance scope, governance diversity, and governance levels. The analysis reveals that while some open forms of governance have been proposed, most forms operate at global and national levels and tend to be closed, relying on modernist assumptions. Furthermore, the scope of new governance forms is primarily global or glocal(globalocalzation). The proliferation of governance forms, particularly design-based forms, has been facilitated by technological advancement.
Ghoronh et al. (Sat,) studied this question.