Ant colonies scored as void objects: O=3 (no individual ant has colony-level information), R=3 (pheromone amplification cascades), C=3 (existential coupling — worker fitness is entirely through queen reproduction). Army ant death spirals are Fisher Runaway in biological swarm intelligence — Peₛpiral → ∞ as pheromone evaporation rate approaches zero. Argentine ant supercolonies in introduced ranges demonstrate D3 at ecosystem scale via removal of inter-colony discrimination. Spearman correlation between Pecolony and foraging efficiency across ant species anchored by 25 years of Ant Colony Optimization literature.
Anthony W. Eckert (Sun,) studied this question.