Active stability and probabilistic estimation of tunnel face in spatially variable and anisotropic soils

Key Points

• Tunnel face stability increases through improved probabilistic estimation methods for varying soil conditions.
• Key evidence indicates that anisotropic soils significantly impact the stability of tunnel faces during construction.
• Analysis using probabilistic models reveals insights into how spatial variability affects tunnel stability across different soil types.
• Understanding these dynamics supports better engineering practices, possibly enhancing safety in tunnel construction.