Wetlands provide essential ecosystem services (ES) such as habitat provisioning, climate regulation, water purification, and flood mitigation, yet they are among the most threatened ecosystems globally. This deliverable presents a comprehensive toolbox of indicators and methods tailored for European wetlands, tested in the Danube River Basin, and designed to support wetland restoration and sustainable management. The toolbox includes geospatial analyses and field measurements suitable for both experts and citizen scientists, evaluating regulating, cultural, and provisioning ES based on the CICES framework. It offers factsheets, practical recommendations, expert judgements on accuracy, costs, and required expertise, as well as detailed protocols for proper application. By testing and comparing methods, their strengths and limitations were identified, equipping users with practical tools to assess wetland resilience and multifunctionality. While not exhaustive, the toolbox serves as a valuable resource for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners, enabling targeted restoration efforts and wider participation through citizen science.
Wahl et al. (Tue,) studied this question.