Abstract

Protein–energy malnutrition (PEM) remains a major contributor to childhood morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries. Accurate classification is fundamental for diagnosis, prognostication, and management. Multiple classification systems have evolved over time, including the Gomez, Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP), Waterlow, and World Health Organization (WHO) classifications. This case-based review integrates classical concepts with current WHO recommendations, highlighting practical clinical application through representative case vignettes and management algorithms relevant for postgraduate pediatric training.

Key Points

• This review showcases practical implications in managing protein energy malnutrition, a critical issue in children's health.
• It emphasizes the importance of classification systems, including WHO recommendations, for effective diagnosis and treatment.
• The analysis includes case vignettes to illustrate management algorithms tailored for pediatric training.
• Highlighting the evolution of classification systems aids healthcare professionals in better addressing PEM in low-resource settings.