Mechanistic insights into plant growth promoting rhizobacteria with focus on root soil interactions, functional attributes and agricultural sustainability

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are beneficial microorganisms that play a crucial role in enhancing crop growth, productivity and resilience to environmental stresses. They colonize the root zone of plants, forming a symbiotic relationship that benefits both the plants and the microorganisms. In recent years, understanding the mechanisms by which PGPR influence plant growth and exploring their potential in sustainable agricultural practices has been the center of attention for the scientific community. Acting as bioinoculants, PGPR improve plant health through various mechanisms, including nutrient solubilization, hormone production and induction of systemic resistance against pathogens. PGPR are receiving a considerable attention because of the beneficial effects they offer, which can replace the utilization of chemical fertilizers, harmful pesticides and other supplements that are not appropriate for crop plants. Soil microbial communities are said to be a boon for agriculture because they play a pivotal role in the colonization of root-soil environments and carry out a wide variety of interactive activities. Furthermore, PGPR can alleviate biotic and abiotic stresses and help plants to survive, grow and develop under adverse conditions. This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted applications of PGPR in promoting crop development, increasing yield and improving stress tolerance, with a focus on drought, salinity and nutrient deficiency. In addition, the role of PGPR in advancing sustainable agriculture is discussed, highlighting its potential as an eco-friendly alternative to chemical fertilizers and pesticides. This review also examines the current challenges in PGPR application and suggests future research directions to optimize their use in modern farming systems. By integrating PGPR into sustainable agricultural practices, we can address global food security challenges while minimizing their environmental impacts.