ABSTRACT Poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and its copolymers have become pivotal materials for piezoelectric tactile sensing in wearable electronics, human–machine interfaces, and electronic skin. This review presents a structured overview linking material fundamentals, device engineering, and data‐driven intelligence. First, we outline PVDF fundamentals, including development history, polymorphism, electroactive properties, and operating principles of PVDF‐based piezoelectric tactile sensors. Second, we review material‐level optimization strategies, covering phase‐engineering routes (mechanical stretching, electrical poling, thermal annealing) and composite, copolymer, interfacial, and core–shell designs, and relate them to β‐phase formation, polarization, dielectric response, and figures of merit (d 33 , g 33 , dielectric loss). Third, we compare device‐level microstructured sensing layers, electrodes, substrates, and multilayer or array architectures in terms of sensitivity–linearity trade‐offs, response dynamics, and directional recognition capability. We then highlight the emerging role of machine learning in phase prediction, process optimization, tactile‐signal classification, and multimodal fusion for robust perception. Finally, we survey representative applications in health monitoring, wearable human–machine interaction, and electronic skin, and summarize key outlooks on scalable fabrication, standardized evaluation, sustainability, neuromorphic tactile computing, and AI‐assisted system design, outlining opportunities for PVDF‐based tactile sensors in intelligent healthcare, bioinspired robotics, and human–machine symbiosis.
Zhao et al. (Wed,) studied this question.