Cadmium toxicity in the black clam Villorita cyprinoides (Gray 1825): insights for developing seawater quality criteria

Key Points

• Cadmium toxicity significantly raises physiological stress levels in black clams.
• Physiological stress was observed through specific biomarkers linked to cadmium exposure.
• Assessment using biochemical indicators and environmental monitoring showed toxic effects in seawater.
• Findings support the need for revised seawater quality criteria to protect marine life.