The combined exposure to antibiotics intensified the phytotoxicity of perovskite composite nanoparticles to Phragmites communis

Key Points

• Combined exposure to antibiotics significantly intensified phytotoxicity in Phragmites communis.
• Results indicate a notable increase in phytotoxic effects, observed under specific experimental conditions.
• Assessment using composite nanoparticle formulations revealed substantial interactions with environmental pollutants.
• Findings indicate potential environmental risks, highlighting the need for further studies on these compounds.